Knowledge for Tomorrow: Cooperative Research Projects in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Political, Economic, and Social Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa
sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation
Cooperative
Research Project
Governance and Social Action in Sudan after the Peace Agreement of
January 2005: local, national, and regional dimensions
Overview of Project Activities between
September 2005 and February 2008
2005
Project Initiation
Selection Workshop
Workshop
on Students' Proposals and Preparation of the Field Studies'
Workshop on Research
Strategies and Methods'
Field
Research Activities
2006
Workshops in South Kordofan and Nazareth
Workshop
'Governance Institutions, Actors and Challenges: Research in Progress'
Research Workshop
'Livelihoods and Institutions in Border Societies after the CPA'
PhD Researchers in Bremen and Workshops
Research Workshop 'After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement/CPA: Signs of Change?'
Research
Conference 'Reconstructing Economic Governance after Conflict'
2007
Research
Activities, Workshops in Omdurman and Kakuma Refugee Camp
Research Workshop
'Governance and Social Action in Sudan: mid-term review of research'
Workshop 'Sudanese
Refugees,Internally Displaced Persons Return after the CPA'
First Grantees Project Meeting of the Volkswagen Foundation in Bamako
2008
Planned
Activities for the Period March to August 2008
2005
Project
Initiation
The
project started in September 2005 with a 'Selection
Workshop' (Link to
Impressions) at
the Development Studies and Research Institute at the
University
of
Khartoum
. The project partners took turns in introducing the aims and proposed research
methods in the project. Sudanese and Ethiopian shortlisted applicants for
scholarships presented their research proposals in front of seven project
partners from
Bremen
,
Khartoum
,
Addis Ababa
universities and the
Ahfad
University
for Women,
Omdurman
(Prof. Dr Atta El-Battahani, Prof. Dr Angelo Loiria, Dr Samson Wassara,
Prof. Dr Kassahun Berhanu, Dr Amna Dirar, Prof. Dr Karl Wohlmuth, PD Dr Elke
Grawert). In a first step, five PhD and three Masters researchers were
selected according to criteria agreed upon amongst the partners (Esther Ikere
Eluzai, Yasir Awad Abdalla, Tayseer El-Fatih, Samira Musa Armin Damin, Rania
Hassan, Joseph Lodiong Lubajo, Simon Gatluak Wicheng). The selected students
were advised to improve their proposals and presented the new versions during a
second workshop in October 2005. A public session followed during which the
project was presented to the public. University staff, representatives of the
UNDP, Sudanese and international NGOs and the national government attended,
expressed great interest in the project and offered assistance to the
researchers. The workshop ended with a discussion of the general project working
plan and ethic principles. A memorandum of understanding between the partners
and a contract between the supervisors from the project and the researchers were
drafted. Finally, Dr Wassara, who had a position at UNICEF at that time, and
Prof. Berhanu provided an update about the security situation in the research
sites (South Kordofan/
Nuba
Mountains
,
Jonglei
State
,
Unity
State
,
Upper
Nile
State
, Gambella Region). During this workshop the structure was clarified. It is determined by the interdisciplinary cooperation of senior academic staff from the participating universities (the
cooperation partners) and the researchers who receive scholarships for field
research and writing PhD and Masters theses. The
institutions to which the participants are attached were the
University
of
Khartoum
, the
University
of
Juba
, the
Ahfad
University
for Women,
Omdurman
, the
University
of
Addis Ababa
, the
University
of
Nairobi
and the
University
of
Bremen
.
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During
the second workshop, the 'Workshop
on Students' Proposals and Preparation of the Field Studies' (Link to
Research Topics of the
scholarship holders),
two Kenyan students, who had come later due to visa problems, presented their
research proposals and were both admitted for Master scholarships (Marilyn
Ossome, Obaka Otieno John). We failed to get appropriate applications for
two more scholarships for an economist and a student of international relations
and re-announced them in order to attract further candidates. The ten selected
students received an intensive course on methods and theories during the 'Workshop
on Research Strategies and Methods' (Link to
the Workshop Programme) which lasted for two
weeks, again at the
University
of
Khartoum
. The two experts from the
University
of
Khartoum
who gave the main inputs were coopted later as further cooperation partners (Dr
Mustafa Babiker, Dr Paul Wani Gore). The workshop ended again with a public
session which was opened by the Member of the National Assembly Prof. Dr Safwat
Fanouz. Then the newly appointed Minister of Higher Education and Scientific
Research, Dr Peter Nyot Kok, held a speech and highlighted the interest of his
Ministry in our research. All selected researchers presented their revised
research proposals to the public and answered the questions of the guests. These
were about thirty university staff members from the
University
of
Khartoum
and
Upper
Nile
University
, representatives of various aid agencies, the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and
of the Government of National Unity (GONU). They offered assistance including
free transport of our project participants to the research sites on aeroplanes
of the humanitarian agencies (for details and project documents see the
reports on the introductory phase of the research project, September to November
2005, and on the initial field research phase, November 2005 to June 2006,
delivered to the Volkswagen Foundation).
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Field
Research
(Link
to Research Sites
and
Impressions)
started
in November 2005 in Upper Nile and
South
Kordofan
States
in
Sudan
, Gambella in
Ethiopia
,
Nairobi
and the Kakuma refugee camp in
Kenya
and lasted until March 2006.
Jonglei
State
was still insecure and a field research there was postponed. The coordinator
travelled to Dilling University in South Kordofan to establish a closer contact,
alert the staff about the project and spread the announcement for further
scholarships (the two missing PhD and another Master's scholarship). She also
paid a short visit to
Upper
Nile
University
in Malakal for the same reason and accompanied three of the researchers during
interviews in Malakal and gave methodological advice. She also visited Bentiu in
Unity
State
and presented the aims and programme of the cooperative research project to the
State Government, which was still in the
process of being appointed, as well as to aid agencies and local civil society
organisations. Later she travelled to Juba in order to inform the local
university staff of the
University
of
Juba
, Members of the Regional Assembly and the Government of South Sudan (GOSS) as
well as aid agencies about the project and build contacts there. At last she
visited the project partner Dr Mary Omosa, who had been ill, at the
University
of
Nairobi
and advised the Kenyan researchers on interview techniques. Contacts with
representatives of the GOSS and SPLM in
Kenya
and aid agencies were made, as well. In January 2006, Dr Wassara and Prof.
Berhanu supervised researchers during field visits in
Upper
Nile
State
and Gambella Region.
According to the original working plan, field research and writing phases as well as workshops in varying places had been scheduled based on the assumed convenience for the participating institutions and weather conditions. The workshops are considered as milestones of the project. They took place as planned with regard to time, but the places had to be shifted twice due to security threats. Hence, between July 2006 and February 2008 five workshops were conducted: one in Ethiopia (Nazareth – instead of Gambella, August 2006), two in Germany (Bremen, November 2006), one in Sudan (Omdurman – instead of Malakal, April 2007) and one in Kenya (Kakuma Refugee Camp, August 2007).
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2006
Workshops
in South Kordofan and
Nazareth
According to the original working plan, field
research and writing phases as well as workshops in varying places had been
scheduled based on the assumed convenience for the participating institutions
and weather conditions. The workshops are considered as milestones of the
project. They took place as planned with regard to time, but the places had to
be shifted twice due to security threats. Hence, between July 2006 and February
2008 five workshops were conducted: one in
Ethiopia
(
Nazareth
– instead of Gambella, August 2006), two in
Germany
(
Bremen
, November 2006), one in
Sudan
(
Omdurman
– instead of Malakal, April 2007) and one in
Kenya
(Kakuma Refugee Camp, August 2007).
In
March 2006 the fourth workshop with the topic 'Governance
Institutions, Actors and Challenges: research in progress and first findings'
(Link to
Workshop Programme and
Summary of Presentations) was
convened at the
University
of
Dilling
. This was the first of a series of workshops with a particular research topic
related to our general project. These workshops had the purpose to closely
supervise the researchers' progress and assist them in questions of methodology,
field research methods, practical issues, literature advice, writing academic
work and relevant contacts. The last part of each workshop was again open for
the public and provided a forum for the researchers and project partners to
share research findings with local academics, government officials, aid agency
staff and interested individuals. The workshops are milestones in the project
which were already scheduled in the project proposal, and we tried to ensure
that this schedule was maintained by any means.
The presentations during the workshop in
Dilling centred around the following issues:
l
Decentralisation
with devolution,
l
The socio-economic
reintegration of internally displaced people and refugees,
l
Development with
participatory approaches,
l
Patterns of
conflict and peace building after signing the CPA,
l
Political participation, governance institutions and democratisation after the
CPA
Two project
partners, Prof. Dr Angelo Loiria and Dr Amna Dirar, left the project and became
political advisors. New partners were coopted (Prof. Joshua Otor Akol, Dr
Balghis Badri, Prof. Dr Abdel Ghaffar Mohamed Ahmed). One Master student (Simon
Gatluak Wicheng) left the project to work in a NGO. An economist was
selected for the PhD scholarship in May 2006 (Berhanu Denu). The other
students continued field research and literature work and some of them delivered
draft chapters.
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In August 2006, the fifth workshop, which was
originally planned to take place in Gambella, had to be shifted to
Nazareth
/
Ethiopia
due to an unstable security situation. The topic was Livelihoods
and Institutions in Border Societies after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
(Link to Workshop
Programme). During the public sessions, besides Sudanese
scholars from Dilling and
Upper
Nile
Universities
, also Ethiopian academics and young researchers who studied the conflict
society in Gambella presented papers and participated in the discussion. Papers
of the project partners and guests were held about the following issues:
l
Rural
livelihoods in Southern Sudan and
Blue Nile
State
after the CPA; resources, actors, networks, safety nets and conflicts,
l
Cross-border
land use issues between
Sudan
and
Ethiopia
,
l
Cross-border
trade in
Southern Sudan
and its impact on livelihoods,
l
The conflict
in Gambella; root causes, traditional approaches to conflict resolution,
approaches and impediments to reconciliation, the role of mediation and
restorative justice, resettlement and its impact on the conflict.
In
Addis Ababa
a further selection workshop was conducted for two more Masters' scholarships
and the PhD scholarship in international relations. Two further Master students
were selected (Matendo Lokiru, John Moi Venus). No clear vote for one of
the three PhD candidates could be achieved, though. The decision was postponed
to the meeting in
Bremen
in November 2006. In the meantime, students continued to work on their
researches. The coordinator engaged in publicity work on the project, presented
papers in
Bremen
at
Bremen
University
, Jacobs-University and the
Overseas
Museum
, in Hermannsburg
during the Sudan Forum, in
Bonn
at the
Forum
Church
and Development, in Freiburg at the Arnold Bergstraesser-Institute and in
Frankfurt
during the biannual conference of the Association of the German Africa
researchers VAD.
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PhD
Researchers in
Bremen
and Workshops
The PhD students spent three months on average at
the University of Bremen for literature research, participation in training
courses, colloquia and two seminars, one on 'Economic Governance in
Post-conflict and Resource-rich countries' (Prof. Dr Karl Wohlmuth)
and one on 'Prospects and Limits of Decentralisation as a Strategy
for Democratisation' (PD Dr Elke Grawert) (Link to Seminar
Programme). In November
2006, the cooperation partners visited
Bremen
for a short-term stay and participated in two more workshops at the
University
of
Bremen
. The sixth project workshop had the topic 'After
the Comprehensive Peace Agreement/CPA: Signs of Change?',
(Link to Programme,
Abstracts and Contributors) and besides the project participants
external experts on the Sudan had presentations, among them
Prof. Peter Woodward of the University of Reading, Marina Peter of the Sudan
Forum, Dr Guma Konda Komey of the University of Juba / University of
Halle-Wittenberg, Gunnar Sörbö of the Michelsen Institute Bergen and Dr Melha
Rout Biel of the University of Jena. The workshop resulted in assessments of the
following crucial issues related to the CPA:
l
Implementation
and potentials of the CPA
l
Challenges facing
post-war societies in
Sudan
l
The social context of
refugees
l
The sub-regional impact of the CPA
The
workshop highlighted the persistences and changes after the CPA. The most
critical assessment was that the CPA is an institution which has created new
conflicts, in particular in
Darfur
. The CPA has provided the 'Three Areas', that is the
Nuba
Mountains
, Abyei and
Southern Blue Nile
, with a precarious stability in political terms and slow progress in terms of
development which is partly caused by failures of the international community.
In border areas, even if the peace is still precarious, multiple processes have
been triggered, such as repatriation and a flourishing cross-border trade, but
also cattle raiding and escalating ethnicised political conflicts. As a
consequence, a stronger focus on the sub-regional aspects of the current
conflict-ridden peace process in
Sudan
is required.
The links between local and international NGOs in
Sudan
were assessed as contradictory. The advocacy networks outside the
Sudan
have shifted from a focus on the north-south peace to the
Darfur
conflict so that the CPA lost international attention. With regard to the
political elites in
Sudan
it was stated that they are undergoing a transformation, a process which
creates confrontations within the transitional state. Although the CPA has
opened an avenue towards more representative institutions and even to the right
to self-determination, it tends to limit popular participation and
decision-making by setting up numerous government-controlled commissions. The
final assessment was that the CPA provides an opportunity to start a real
democratisation process. The Southerners have a crucial role in the transition
as they never had before. The main problem is that the political parties are
still not democratic and lack the capacity to stand for democratic elections.
Most of the papers are being edited for publication by the James Currey
Publishing House.
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The
seventh project workshop was conducted in cooperation with the Research Group on African Development
Perspectives Bremen,
University
of
Bremen
with international participants from
Nigeria
,
Ivory Coast
and
South Africa
besides the project participants. The topic was 'Reconstructing
Economic Governance after Conflict at Local, Provincial and
National
State
Levels in Resource-Rich African Countries. Comparative Analyses'
(Link to Programme , Link
to Impressions
and Link to Publications).. The workshop participants provided analyses of the objectives and
instruments to reconstruct economic governance in former conflict regions that
are well endowed with natural resources. For this purpose, case studies of
Angola
,
Chad
,
Cameroon
,
Côte d’Ivoire
, the DR Congo,
Ethiopia
,
Ghana
,
Nigeria
, and
Sudan
were discussed in
order to demonstrate ways and modalities for reconstructing economic governance.
But also the role of international governance institutions was assessed. Afeikhena
Jerome, the Coordinator for Economic Governance and Management, presented a
keynote speech on the role of the African Peer Review Mechanism in the framework
of NEPAD for economic reconstruction. Further issues were the institutions,
policies and politics in resource-rich African countries. Focused sessions dealt
with oil production, oil revenues, multinationals, structural changes, power and
governance reform in
Sudan
. Regional and local perspectives of economic governance and human development
were provided with case studies from various resource-rich countries. The
Darfur
crisis was put in the context of oil and natural resource management. The last
part of the workshop concentrated on border issues, oil and governance. The
papers were published in 2007 in Wohlmuth / Urban (eds)..
During
the meeting of the project participants in
Bremen
, the cooperation partners selected a researcher of International Relations for
a PhD scholarship (George Katete). Since that time there have been seven PhD and six Master students in the
project.
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2007
Research
Activities, Workshops in
Omdurman
and Kakuma Refugee Camp
During the year 2007 several researchers finalised
field research, all of them evaluated their data and had intensive writing
phases during which they produced first chapters of their theses and articles
for publication. Several cooperation partners also published articles and edited
books related to governance and social action in
Sudan
after the CPA.
The coordinator visited the Centre of Refugee
Studies at
Moi
University
in
Eldoret
,
Kenya
, in order to agree about the supervision of the PhD research in International
Relations. She also accompanied and advised the Kenyan researchers during field
visits in Nairobi and the Kakuma refugee camp and prepared the ground for a
workshop there later in the year. Joint field research with the students was
combined with own research on the sub-regional dimensions of the CPA and the
role of the aid agencies in governance, which was continued in
Juba
later on.
The eighth workshop, which was originally planned to take place at the
Upper
Nile
University
in Malakal was shifted to the
Ahfad
University
for Women,
Omdurman
due to security threats. In April 2007 the workshop on 'Governance
and Social Action in
Sudan
: mid-term review of research' took place. It was internal
with a focus on discussing the research in progress of the scholarship holders,
no public session was conducted. Research reports and
the proposals of the newly admitted researchers were discussed intensively. The
research questions, issues of guidelines and questionnaires, methodology,
writing up chapters and access to literature were clarified in working groups.
Future workshops, issues regarding publications and the Volkswagen Foundation
Project Meeting in
Bamako
were planned. The cooperation partners agreed to coopt a further partner (Prof.
Dr John Okumu). Now there are twelve cooperation partners in the project,
including the applicants and the coordinator. Throughout the project, varying
project assistants have been hired for short-term organisational and academic
support activities (see list of participants in Attachment 2).
During summer the coordinator was active in
publicity work and participated in expert rounds and presentations in
conferences at the
Institute
of
Development
and peace at the
University
of
Duisburg
and at
Western Michigan University
,
USA
, and moderated a working group on sub-regional
Sudan
scenarios at the Foreign Office in
Berlin
.
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In August 2007 the ninth project workshop on 'Sudanese
Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Return after the Comprehensive Peace
Agreement' was conducted in cooperation
with the Centre for Refugee Studies of the
Moi
University
, Eldoret and the UNHCR Nairobi and Kakuma in Kakuma Refugee Camp. The public
part of it was a true stakeholder workshop during which presentations of project
participants had an equal weight as those of aid agencies, NGOs and refugee
representatives from the refugee camp. There was an intensive exchange of
information, research results and experiences between the researchers and the
practitioners and the participating refugees. The conditions of living in the
camp, changes over the fifteen years
of its existence, relationships with the local population, the process of
repatriation and independent return were discussed and compared with other
refugee camps and settlements and with the return of IDPs. The workshop ended
with a panel discussion between scholars, representatives of aid agencies and
refugees on the social and political reintegration of IDPs
and refugees in
Sudan
. The feedback of the staff of the aid agencies was
overwhelmingly positive and the researchers' benefit was great. The District
Officer of Kakuma participated actively in the discussions and stayed throughout
the workshop.
This workshop will be the
model for the stakeholder workshops that are planned to be conducted in the
research sites according to the original project proposal for spring 2008. The
Kakuma workshop confirmed that the intensive dialogue between researchers and
stakeholders can be fruitful for all sides. The results of such open discussions
can become a solid foundation for policy recommendations towards the end of the
project.
After the workshop the
coordinator visited Juba, partly joining a researcher during interviews, partly
for own research on the role of aid agencies in the governance of
South Sudan
. The results were published (see Grawert 2007).
In November
2007 four cooperation partners and six PhD students participated in the
Project Meeting of the Volkswagen Foundation in
Bamako
. We benefitted
from meeting researchers from projects of other programmes with topics that are
closely related to governance and social action in a conflict society. The
contact and exchange of views will create mutual benefits, and we are planning
to conduct common workshops in 2008. In particular our international conference
at the
University
of
Juba
in
Juba
, for which first preparations have started, may provide an opportunity for more
academic synergies between the projects of the Volkswagen Foundation and other
scholars.
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2008
Planned
Activities for the Period March to August 2008
According to the
original project proposal, the researchers are currently preparing four
stakeholder workshops in the following research sites: Bor /
Jonglei
State
, Malakal /
Upper
Nile
State
, Dilling /
South
Kordofan
State
in
Sudan
and in Gambella /
Ethiopia
. There will be no stakeholder workshop in
Kenya
, because the workshop in Kakuma Refugee Camp was already a successful event
which will even serve as a model for the other workshops (see p. 10). The
workshops in
Sudan
and
Ethiopia
will take place between April and June 2008.
At the same time,
field research, data evaluation and writing theses for Masters' and PhD degrees
and articles for publication will continue. All project participants are
involved in this work and in addition, in the supervision of the researchers.
For July 2008 an
international workshop is planned to be conducted at the
University
of
Juba
in
Juba
. The topic will be 'Governance
and Social Action in Conflict Societies'
and it will provide a forum for the project participants to share their research
results with Sudanese scholars as well as a wider academic public, local guests
from the Sudanese government, aid agencies and interested individuals.
The Call for Papers is currently distributed by
the project members and also available
here.
The coordinator and
the project assistant are currently editing the publication 'After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in
Sudan
, 2005: Signs of Change?' which is planned
to be published by James Currey,
London
. Based on the discussions during the stakeholder workshops the project
participants will prepare policy papers. The papers presented during the
conference in
Juba
are intended to be published, as well.
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